Answer: Effects and Impacts of Climate Change
Climate change, driven by the enhanced greenhouse effect, is causing widespread disruption to natural and human systems globally. The effects are already visible and are projected to intensify.
1. Temperature Rise
- Global average temperature increased by 1.1°C since pre-industrial era
- More frequent and intense heat waves
- Record-breaking temperatures becoming common
- Nights warming faster than days
2. Extreme Weather Events
- Intense Cyclones: Cyclone Amphan, Tauktae in India
- Heavy Rainfall & Floods: Mumbai floods, Kerala floods
- Droughts: Extended dry periods in many regions
- Wildfires: Increased frequency and severity (Australia, California)
3. Sea Level Rise
- Global sea level rising at 3.7 mm/year
- Threatens coastal cities - Mumbai, Kolkata, Chennai
- Increased coastal erosion and saltwater intrusion
- Low-lying island nations at existential risk
4. Ice and Snow Changes
- Arctic sea ice: Declining rapidly (40% loss since 1979)
- Himalayan glaciers: Retreating, threatening water supply
- Permafrost melting: Releases stored methane
- Loss of snow cover affecting water resources
5. Effects on Agriculture
- Changes in crop growing seasons
- Reduced yields due to heat stress and water scarcity
- Erratic monsoons affecting Indian agriculture
- Increased pest and disease incidence
6. Effects on Water Resources
- Changes in precipitation patterns
- Increased water scarcity in many regions
- Reduced groundwater recharge
- Glacial melt affecting river flows (Ganga, Brahmaputra)
7. Biodiversity Loss
- Coral bleaching: 50% of Great Barrier Reef affected
- Species migration toward poles and higher altitudes
- Increased extinction risk for vulnerable species
- Ocean acidification harming marine ecosystems
8. Human Health Impacts
- Heat-related illness and mortality
- Spread of vector-borne diseases (dengue, malaria)
- Air quality degradation
- Mental health impacts from climate disasters
India-Specific Impacts: Erratic monsoons | Himalayan glacier melt | Coastal flooding | Heat waves | Cyclone intensification | Agricultural losses
Conclusion
Climate change impacts are widespread and accelerating, affecting ecosystems, economies, and human well-being. The effects include rising temperatures, extreme weather, sea level rise, melting ice, agricultural disruption, water scarcity, biodiversity loss, and health impacts. Urgent action through mitigation (reducing emissions) and adaptation (preparing for impacts) is essential to limit damage and protect vulnerable communities.
Sources: Module 1 Notes | IPCC AR6 | IMD